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편집 파일: key-derivation-functions.rst

.. hazmat:: Key derivation functions ======================== .. module:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf Key derivation functions derive bytes suitable for cryptographic operations from passwords or other data sources using a pseudo-random function (PRF). Different KDFs are suitable for different tasks such as: * Cryptographic key derivation Deriving a key suitable for use as input to an encryption algorithm. Typically this means taking a password and running it through an algorithm such as :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.pbkdf2.PBKDF2HMAC` or :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf.HKDF`. This process is typically known as `key stretching`_. * Password storage When storing passwords you want to use an algorithm that is computationally intensive. Legitimate users will only need to compute it once (for example, taking the user's password, running it through the KDF, then comparing it to the stored value), while attackers will need to do it billions of times. Ideal password storage KDFs will be demanding on both computational and memory resources. Variable cost algorithms ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PBKDF2 ------ .. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.pbkdf2 .. class:: PBKDF2HMAC(algorithm, length, salt, iterations) .. versionadded:: 0.2 `PBKDF2`_ (Password Based Key Derivation Function 2) is typically used for deriving a cryptographic key from a password. It may also be used for key storage, but an alternate key storage KDF such as :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.scrypt.Scrypt` is generally considered a better solution. This class conforms to the :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.KeyDerivationFunction` interface. .. doctest:: >>> import os >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.pbkdf2 import PBKDF2HMAC >>> # Salts should be randomly generated >>> salt = os.urandom(16) >>> # derive >>> kdf = PBKDF2HMAC( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... salt=salt, ... iterations=100000, ... ) >>> key = kdf.derive(b"my great password") >>> # verify >>> kdf = PBKDF2HMAC( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... salt=salt, ... iterations=100000, ... ) >>> kdf.verify(b"my great password", key) :param algorithm: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. Maximum is (2\ :sup:`32` - 1) * ``algorithm.digest_size``. :param bytes salt: A salt. Secure values [#nist]_ are 128-bits (16 bytes) or longer and randomly generated. :param int iterations: The number of iterations to perform of the hash function. This can be used to control the length of time the operation takes. Higher numbers help mitigate brute force attacks against derived keys. A `more detailed description`_ can be consulted for additional information. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``salt`` is not ``bytes``. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param key_material: The input key material. For PBKDF2 this should be a password. :type key_material: :term:`bytes-like` :return bytes: the derived key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. This generates and returns a new key from the supplied password. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. This can be used for checking whether the password a user provides matches the stored derived key. Scrypt ------ .. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.scrypt .. class:: Scrypt(salt, length, n, r, p) .. versionadded:: 1.6 Scrypt is a KDF designed for password storage by Colin Percival to be resistant against hardware-assisted attackers by having a tunable memory cost. It is described in :rfc:`7914`. This class conforms to the :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.KeyDerivationFunction` interface. .. doctest:: >>> import os >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.scrypt import Scrypt >>> salt = os.urandom(16) >>> # derive >>> kdf = Scrypt( ... salt=salt, ... length=32, ... n=2**14, ... r=8, ... p=1, ... ) >>> key = kdf.derive(b"my great password") >>> # verify >>> kdf = Scrypt( ... salt=salt, ... length=32, ... n=2**14, ... r=8, ... p=1, ... ) >>> kdf.verify(b"my great password", key) :param bytes salt: A salt. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. :param int n: CPU/Memory cost parameter. It must be larger than 1 and be a power of 2. :param int r: Block size parameter. :param int p: Parallelization parameter. The computational and memory cost of Scrypt can be adjusted by manipulating the 3 parameters: ``n``, ``r``, and ``p``. In general, the memory cost of Scrypt is affected by the values of both ``n`` and ``r``, while ``n`` also determines the number of iterations performed. ``p`` increases the computational cost without affecting memory usage. A more in-depth explanation of the 3 parameters can be found `here`_. :rfc:`7914` `recommends`_ values of ``r=8`` and ``p=1`` while scaling ``n`` to a number appropriate for your system. `The scrypt paper`_ suggests a minimum value of ``n=2**14`` for interactive logins (t < 100ms), or ``n=2**20`` for more sensitive files (t < 5s). :raises cryptography.exceptions.UnsupportedAlgorithm: If Scrypt is not supported by the OpenSSL version ``cryptography`` is using. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``salt`` is not ``bytes``. :raises ValueError: This exception is raised if ``n`` is less than 2, if ``n`` is not a power of 2, if ``r`` is less than 1 or if ``p`` is less than 1. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param key_material: The input key material. :type key_material: :term:`bytes-like` :return bytes: the derived key. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This generates and returns a new key from the supplied password. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. This can be used for checking whether the password a user provides matches the stored derived key. Fixed cost algorithms ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ConcatKDF --------- .. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.concatkdf .. class:: ConcatKDFHash(algorithm, length, otherinfo) .. versionadded:: 1.0 ConcatKDFHash (Concatenation Key Derivation Function) is defined by the NIST Special Publication `NIST SP 800-56Ar2`_ document, to be used to derive keys for use after a Key Exchange negotiation operation. .. warning:: ConcatKDFHash should not be used for password storage. .. doctest:: >>> import os >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.concatkdf import ConcatKDFHash >>> otherinfo = b"concatkdf-example" >>> ckdf = ConcatKDFHash( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... otherinfo=otherinfo, ... ) >>> key = ckdf.derive(b"input key") >>> ckdf = ConcatKDFHash( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... otherinfo=otherinfo, ... ) >>> ckdf.verify(b"input key", key) :param algorithm: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. Maximum is ``hashlen * (2^32 -1)``. :param bytes otherinfo: Application specific context information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``otherinfo`` is not ``bytes``. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param key_material: The input key material. :type key_material: :term:`bytes-like` :return bytes: The derived key. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. Derives a new key from the input key material. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. .. class:: ConcatKDFHMAC(algorithm, length, salt, otherinfo) .. versionadded:: 1.0 Similar to ConcatKFDHash but uses an HMAC function instead. .. warning:: ConcatKDFHMAC should not be used for password storage. .. doctest:: >>> import os >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.concatkdf import ConcatKDFHMAC >>> salt = os.urandom(16) >>> otherinfo = b"concatkdf-example" >>> ckdf = ConcatKDFHMAC( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... salt=salt, ... otherinfo=otherinfo, ... ) >>> key = ckdf.derive(b"input key") >>> ckdf = ConcatKDFHMAC( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... salt=salt, ... otherinfo=otherinfo, ... ) >>> ckdf.verify(b"input key", key) :param algorithm: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. Maximum is ``hashlen * (2^32 -1)``. :param bytes salt: A salt. Randomizes the KDF's output. Optional, but highly recommended. Ideally as many bits of entropy as the security level of the hash: often that means cryptographically random and as long as the hash output. Does not have to be secret, but may cause stronger security guarantees if secret; If ``None`` is explicitly passed a default salt of ``algorithm.block_size`` null bytes will be used. :param bytes otherinfo: Application specific context information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``salt`` or ``otherinfo`` is not ``bytes``. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. :return bytes: The derived key. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. Derives a new key from the input key material. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. HKDF ---- .. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf .. class:: HKDF(algorithm, length, salt, info) .. versionadded:: 0.2 `HKDF`_ (HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function) is suitable for deriving keys of a fixed size used for other cryptographic operations. .. warning:: HKDF should not be used for password storage. .. doctest:: >>> import os >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF >>> salt = os.urandom(16) >>> info = b"hkdf-example" >>> hkdf = HKDF( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... salt=salt, ... info=info, ... ) >>> key = hkdf.derive(b"input key") >>> hkdf = HKDF( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... salt=salt, ... info=info, ... ) >>> hkdf.verify(b"input key", key) :param algorithm: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. Maximum is ``255 * (algorithm.digest_size // 8)``. :param bytes salt: A salt. Randomizes the KDF's output. Optional, but highly recommended. Ideally as many bits of entropy as the security level of the hash: often that means cryptographically random and as long as the hash output. Worse (shorter, less entropy) salt values can still meaningfully contribute to security. May be reused. Does not have to be secret, but may cause stronger security guarantees if secret; see :rfc:`5869` and the `HKDF paper`_ for more details. If ``None`` is explicitly passed a default salt of ``algorithm.digest_size // 8`` null bytes will be used. :param bytes info: Application specific context information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``salt`` or ``info`` is not ``bytes``. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param key_material: The input key material. :type key_material: :term:`bytes-like` :return bytes: The derived key. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. Derives a new key from the input key material by performing both the extract and expand operations. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. .. class:: HKDFExpand(algorithm, length, info) .. versionadded:: 0.5 HKDF consists of two stages, extract and expand. This class exposes an expand only version of HKDF that is suitable when the key material is already cryptographically strong. .. warning:: HKDFExpand should only be used if the key material is cryptographically strong. You should use :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf.HKDF` if you are unsure. .. doctest:: >>> import os >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDFExpand >>> info = b"hkdf-example" >>> key_material = os.urandom(16) >>> hkdf = HKDFExpand( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... info=info, ... ) >>> key = hkdf.derive(key_material) >>> hkdf = HKDFExpand( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... info=info, ... ) >>> hkdf.verify(key_material, key) :param algorithm: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. Maximum is ``255 * (algorithm.digest_size // 8)``. :param bytes info: Application specific context information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``info`` is not ``bytes``. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. :return bytes: The derived key. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. Derives a new key from the input key material by performing both the extract and expand operations. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. :raises TypeError: This is raised if the provided ``key_material`` is a ``unicode`` object This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. KBKDF ----- .. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf .. class:: KBKDFHMAC(algorithm, mode, length, rlen, llen, location,\ label, context, fixed) .. versionadded:: 1.4 KBKDF (Key Based Key Derivation Function) is defined by the `NIST SP 800-108`_ document, to be used to derive additional keys from a key that has been established through an automated key-establishment scheme. .. warning:: KBKDFHMAC should not be used for password storage. .. doctest:: >>> import os >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf import ( ... CounterLocation, KBKDFHMAC, Mode ... ) >>> label = b"KBKDF HMAC Label" >>> context = b"KBKDF HMAC Context" >>> kdf = KBKDFHMAC( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... mode=Mode.CounterMode, ... length=32, ... rlen=4, ... llen=4, ... location=CounterLocation.BeforeFixed, ... label=label, ... context=context, ... fixed=None, ... ) >>> key = kdf.derive(b"input key") >>> kdf = KBKDFHMAC( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... mode=Mode.CounterMode, ... length=32, ... rlen=4, ... llen=4, ... location=CounterLocation.BeforeFixed, ... label=label, ... context=context, ... fixed=None, ... ) >>> kdf.verify(b"input key", key) :param algorithm: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`. :param mode: The desired mode of the PRF. A value from the :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf.Mode` enum. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. :param int rlen: An integer that indicates the length of the binary representation of the counter in bytes. :param int llen: An integer that indicates the binary representation of the ``length`` in bytes. :param location: The desired location of the counter. A value from the :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf.CounterLocation` enum. :param bytes label: Application specific label information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :param bytes context: Application specific context information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :param bytes fixed: Instead of specifying ``label`` and ``context`` you may supply your own fixed data. If ``fixed`` is specified, ``label`` and ``context`` is ignored. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``label`` or ``context`` is not ``bytes``. Also raised if ``rlen`` or ``llen`` is not ``int``. :raises ValueError: This exception is raised if ``rlen`` or ``llen`` is greater than 4 or less than 1. This exception is also raised if you specify a ``label`` or ``context`` and ``fixed``. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param key_material: The input key material. :type key_material: :term:`bytes-like` :return bytes: The derived key. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. Derives a new key from the input key material. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. .. class:: KBKDFCMAC(algorithm, mode, length, rlen, llen, location,\ label, context, fixed) .. versionadded:: 35.0 KBKDF (Key Based Key Derivation Function) is defined by the `NIST SP 800-108`_ document, to be used to derive additional keys from a key that has been established through an automated key-establishment scheme. .. warning:: KBKDFCMAC should not be used for password storage. .. doctest:: >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import algorithms >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf import ( ... CounterLocation, KBKDFCMAC, Mode ... ) >>> label = b"KBKDF CMAC Label" >>> context = b"KBKDF CMAC Context" >>> kdf = KBKDFCMAC( ... algorithm=algorithms.AES, ... mode=Mode.CounterMode, ... length=32, ... rlen=4, ... llen=4, ... location=CounterLocation.BeforeFixed, ... label=label, ... context=context, ... fixed=None, ... ) >>> key = kdf.derive(b"32 bytes long input key material") >>> kdf = KBKDFCMAC( ... algorithm=algorithms.AES, ... mode=Mode.CounterMode, ... length=32, ... rlen=4, ... llen=4, ... location=CounterLocation.BeforeFixed, ... label=label, ... context=context, ... fixed=None, ... ) >>> kdf.verify(b"32 bytes long input key material", key) :param algorithm: A class implementing a block cipher algorithm being a subclass of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.CipherAlgorithm` and :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.BlockCipherAlgorithm`. :param mode: The desired mode of the PRF. A value from the :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf.Mode` enum. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. :param int rlen: An integer that indicates the length of the binary representation of the counter in bytes. :param int llen: An integer that indicates the binary representation of the ``length`` in bytes. :param location: The desired location of the counter. A value from the :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf.CounterLocation` enum. :param bytes label: Application specific label information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :param bytes context: Application specific context information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :param bytes fixed: Instead of specifying ``label`` and ``context`` you may supply your own fixed data. If ``fixed`` is specified, ``label`` and ``context`` is ignored. :raises cryptography.exceptions.UnsupportedAlgorithm: This is raised if ``algorithm`` is not a subclass of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.CipherAlgorithm` and :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.BlockCipherAlgorithm`. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``label`` or ``context`` is not ``bytes``, ``rlen`` or ``llen`` is not ``int``, ``mode`` is not :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf.Mode` or ``location`` is not :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf.CounterLocation`. :raises ValueError: This exception is raised if ``rlen`` or ``llen`` is greater than 4 or less than 1. This exception is also raised if you specify a ``label`` or ``context`` and ``fixed``. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param key_material: The input key material. :type key_material: :term:`bytes-like` :return bytes: The derived key. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. :raises ValueError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not a valid key for ``algorithm`` passed to :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.kbkdf.KBKDFCMAC` constructor. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. Derives a new key from the input key material. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises: Exceptions raised by :meth:`derive`. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. .. class:: Mode An enumeration for the key based key derivative modes. .. attribute:: CounterMode The output of the PRF is computed with a counter as the iteration variable. .. class:: CounterLocation An enumeration for the key based key derivative counter location. .. attribute:: BeforeFixed The counter iteration variable will be concatenated before the fixed input data. .. attribute:: AfterFixed The counter iteration variable will be concatenated after the fixed input data. X963KDF ------- .. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.x963kdf .. class:: X963KDF(algorithm, length, otherinfo) .. versionadded:: 1.1 X963KDF (ANSI X9.63 Key Derivation Function) is defined by ANSI in the `ANSI X9.63:2001`_ document, to be used to derive keys for use after a Key Exchange negotiation operation. SECG in `SEC 1 v2.0`_ recommends that :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.concatkdf.ConcatKDFHash` be used for new projects. This KDF should only be used for backwards compatibility with pre-existing protocols. .. warning:: X963KDF should not be used for password storage. .. doctest:: >>> import os >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes >>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.x963kdf import X963KDF >>> sharedinfo = b"ANSI X9.63 Example" >>> xkdf = X963KDF( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... sharedinfo=sharedinfo, ... ) >>> key = xkdf.derive(b"input key") >>> xkdf = X963KDF( ... algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), ... length=32, ... sharedinfo=sharedinfo, ... ) >>> xkdf.verify(b"input key", key) :param algorithm: An instance of :class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm`. :param int length: The desired length of the derived key in bytes. Maximum is ``hashlen * (2^32 -1)``. :param bytes sharedinfo: Application specific context information. If ``None`` is explicitly passed an empty byte string will be used. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``sharedinfo`` is not ``bytes``. .. method:: derive(key_material) :param key_material: The input key material. :type key_material: :term:`bytes-like` :return bytes: The derived key. :raises TypeError: This exception is raised if ``key_material`` is not ``bytes``. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. Derives a new key from the input key material. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. Interface ~~~~~~~~~ .. currentmodule:: cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf .. class:: KeyDerivationFunction .. versionadded:: 0.2 .. method:: derive(key_material) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. Depending on what key derivation function you are using this could be either random bytes, or a user supplied password. :return: The new key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This generates and returns a new key from the supplied key material. .. method:: verify(key_material, expected_key) :param bytes key_material: The input key material. This is the same as ``key_material`` in :meth:`derive`. :param bytes expected_key: The expected result of deriving a new key, this is the same as the return value of :meth:`derive`. :raises cryptography.exceptions.InvalidKey: This is raised when the derived key does not match the expected key. :raises cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized: This is raised when :meth:`derive` or :meth:`verify` is called more than once. This checks whether deriving a new key from the supplied ``key_material`` generates the same key as the ``expected_key``, and raises an exception if they do not match. This can be used for something like checking whether a user's password attempt matches the stored derived key. .. [#nist] See `NIST SP 800-132`_. .. _`NIST SP 800-132`: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-132/final .. _`NIST SP 800-108`: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-108/final .. _`NIST SP 800-56Ar2`: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-56a/rev-2/final .. _`ANSI X9.63:2001`: https://webstore.ansi.org .. _`SEC 1 v2.0`: https://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf .. _`more detailed description`: https://security.stackexchange.com/a/3993/43116 .. _`PBKDF2`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2 .. _`key stretching`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_stretching .. _`HKDF`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKDF .. _`HKDF paper`: https://eprint.iacr.org/2010/264 .. _`here`: https://stackoverflow.com/a/30308723/1170681 .. _`recommends`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7914#section-2 .. _`The scrypt paper`: https://www.tarsnap.com/scrypt/scrypt.pdf